开始:VCALENDAR版本:2.0 PRODID:-//劳动经济学院//Zope//EN方法:发布CALSCALE:GREGORIAN BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:欧洲/柏林BEGIN:DAYLIGHT TZOFFSETFROM:+0100 RRULE:频率=年;BYMONTH=3;BYDAY=- 1su DTSTART:19810329T020000 TZNAME:CEST TZOFFSETTO:+0200 END:日光BEGIN:标准TZOFFSETFROM:+0200 RRULE:频率=年;BYMONTH=10;BYDAY=- 1su DTSTART:19961027T030000 TZNAME:CET TZOFFSETTO:+0100 END:标准END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT UID:无位置;CHARSET=UTF-8:缩放加入Zoom会议\nhttps://us02web.zoom。us/j/87487213161 \n \n会议ID: 87487213161 \n \n \n \n \n我们建立了一个公开可用的数据库，使用来自私营公司的匿名数据实时跟踪粒度级别的经济活动。我们每天报告消费者支出、企业收入、就业率和其他按邮政编码、行业、收入群体和企业规模分类的关键指标的统计数据。利用这些数据，我们通过分析其影响的异质性，研究了COVID-19如何影响经济。我们首先表明，高收入人群在2020年3月中旬大幅削减支出，特别是在COVID-19感染率高的地区和需要面对面互动的部门。这种支出的减少大大减少了富裕地区小企业的收入。这些企业解雇了许多员工，导致普遍失业，尤其是富裕地区的低薪工人。高工资工人经历了持续数周的v型衰退，而低工资工人经历了持续数月的更大失业。在此诊断分析的基础上，我们估计了旨在减轻COVID-19不利影响的政策的因果影响。 State-ordered reopenings of economies had small impacts on spending and employment. Stimulus payments to low-income households increased consumer spending sharply, but little of this increased spending flowed to businesses most affected by the COVID-19 shock, dampening its impacts on employment. Paycheck Protection Program loans increased employment at small businesses by only 2%, implying a cost of $377,000 per job saved. These results suggest that traditional macroeconomic tools � stimulating aggregate demand or providing liquidity to businesses � have diminished capacity to restore employment when consumer spending is constrained by health concerns. During a pandemic, it may be more fruitful to mitigate economic hardship through social insurance. More broadly, this analysis shows how public statistics constructed from private sector data can support many research and policy analyses without compromising privacy, providing a new tool for empirical macroeconomics. SEQUENCE:1 X-APPLE-TRAVEL-ADVISORY-BEHAVIOR:AUTOMATIC SUMMARY:IZA Seminar: The Economic Impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a New Public Database Built Using Private Sector Data by John Friedman (Brown University) DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20211019T140000 DTEND;TZID=Europe/Berlin:20211019T151500 END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR