基于独特的注册数据of male immigrants in Denmark, we investigate if immigrants use self-employment as a last resort to avoid non-employment. To identify self-employment as a last resort, we develop a general framework to identify types of indivuduals based on transitions probabilities among all states. The states here are wage-employment, non-employment and selfemployment. The transition probabilities are estimated using discrete competing risks models controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and duration dependence. We find that for certain groups of immigrants, a large fraction can be characterized as using self-employment as a last resort. |